Beak shape determines nest material selected by birds: Study

Washington [US], July 10 : The material a bird chooses for its nest is determined by the size of its beak, according to researchers.

Using data on nest materials for nearly 6,000 bird species, a team from the Universities of Bristol and St Andrews used random forest models, a type of machine learning algorithm, to take data from bird beaks and predict what nest materials that species might use.

They discovered an unexpectedly strong correlation. They were able to correctly predict broad nest material use in 60 per cent of species using only beak shape and size, rising to 97 per cent in some cases.

These findings, which were published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, include a careful examination of these models, looking into the ecological and evolutionary contexts that underpin these relationships. For example, not all species have equal access to all nest material types, which influences these results.

The study's lead author, Dr Catherine Sheard of Bristol's School of Earth Sciences said: "We know a lot about primate hands, but not as much about how other animals use their limbs and mouths to manipulate objects. We're very excited about the potential applications of our findings, to further explore how beak shape may have co-evolved with other aspects of nest building or other functions."

Dr Shoko Sugasawa, senior author of the study, based at the University of St Andrews, added: "Most animals, including birds, do not have hands like ours, but manipulating objects like nest material and food is such a crucial part of their lives. Our finding is the first step to reveal possible interactions between the evolution of beaks and manipulation like nest building, and helps us better understand how animals evolved to interact with the world with or without hands".

The team is now working on a project documenting anthropogenic nest material in the world's birds, trying to understand what type of birds put human-made material (like plastic, wire, or cigarette butts) in their nests. They are in particular looking to see whether this would be linked to urban-dwelling birds.

"I'm also interested in how beak shape relates to other properties of the nest, including overall nest structure," added Dr Sheard, "such as whether birds build nests with walls or a roof."